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FATS
By: Bart van der Molen

 

The main kinds of fats we eat are saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and trans fatty acids. Saturated fats and  trans fats raise blood cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol also raises blood cholesterol. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which leads to heart attack, and also increases the risk of stroke.

What are saturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have all the hydrogen the carbon atoms can hold. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature, and they're more stable — that is, they don't combine readily with oxygen. Saturated fats and trans fats are the main dietary factors in raising blood cholesterol. The main sources of saturated fat are in foods from animals and some plants.

What are trans fats?

Trans fats are unsaturated, but they can raise total and LDL ("bad") cholesterol and lower HDL ("good") cholesterol. Trans fats result from adding hydrogen to vegetable oils used in commercial baked goods and for cooking in most restaurants and fast-food chains.

  • Cookies, crackers and other commercial baked goods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils may be high in trans fat.
     

  • French fries, donuts and other commercial fried foods are major sources of trans fat in the diet. Most fast food contain trans fat.

Fats That Raise Cholesterol

Sources

Examples

Dietary cholesterol

foods from animals

meats, egg yolks, dairy products, organ meats (heart, etc.), fish and poultry

Saturated fats

foods from animals

whole milk, cream, ice cream, whole-milk cheeses, butter, lard and meats

certain plant oils

palm, palm kernel and coconut oils, cocoa butter

Trans fats

partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, fried onion rings, donuts

 

What are hydrogenated fats?

During food processing, fats may undergo a chemical process called hydrogenation. "Hydrogenate" means to add hydrogen or, in the case of fatty acids, to saturate. The process changes a liquid oil, naturally high in unsaturated fatty acids, to a more solid and more saturated form. The greater the degree of hydrogenation, the more saturated the fat becomes. Many commercial products contain hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. Recent studies suggest that these fats may raise blood cholesterol. The fatty acid content of most margarines and spreads is printed on the package or label. Liquid and soft tub margarines contain little saturated fat or trans fat.

What are polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids?

Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are two types of unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fats have at least one unsaturated bond — that is, at least one place that hydrogen can be added to the molecule. They're often found in liquid oils of vegetable origin.

  • Polyunsaturated oils are liquid at room temperature and in the refrigerator. They easily combine with oxygen in the air to become rancid. Common sources of polyunsaturated fats are listed in the table below.
     

  • Monounsaturated oils are liquid at room temperature but start to solidify at refrigerator temperatures. See the table below for sources.

Polyunsaturated fats tend to help your body get rid of newly formed cholesterol. Thus, they keep the blood cholesterol level down and reduce cholesterol deposits in artery walls. Recent research has shown that monounsaturated fats may also help reduce blood cholesterol as long as the diet is very low in saturated fat.

Both types of unsaturated fats may help lower your blood cholesterol level when used in place of saturated fats in your diet. But you should be moderate in eating all types of fat, because fats contain more than twice the calories of either protein or carbohydrate.

Polyunsaturated or monounsaturated oils — and margarines and spreads made from them — should be used in limited amounts in place of fats with a high saturated fat content, such as butter, lard or hydrogenated shortenings. Choose fats and oils that contain less than 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon.

Fats That Lower Cholesterol

Sources

Examples

Polyunsaturated fats

certain plant oils

safflower, sesame, soy, corn and sunflower-seed oils, nuts and seeds

Monounsaturated fats

certain plant oils

olive, canola and peanut oils, avocados

 

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